CIRCE Divines LLM Task Complexity from Constraint Structure

Authors: Chenhao Hong , Jiakai Xu , Kaushiki Singh , Yusen Zhang , Eugene Wu

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Abstract: Estimating whether a problem is too complex for a large language model (LLM) before the model attempts it can guide model routing, how to allocate test-time compute, and suggest the need for new tools to aid the agent. While existing estimators rely on the problem text, LLM-annotated task difficulty labels, or signals obtained after a model attempts to solve the problem, such as its hidden states, none explicitly leverage the constraint structure inherent in the problem: the variables to assign and how the constraints over them interact.

We introduce CIRCE, which extracts a problem's structure by using a cheap LLM to construct a Constraint Intermediate Representation that deterministically compiles into the constraint graph. Across seven reasoning benchmarks (including SAT, logic, and math) and four LLMs, even a randomly initialized GNN encoder improves predictions of LLM response correctness, reducing negative log-likelihood from 0.465 to 0.423 and increasing AUROC from 0.691 to 0.727 relative to the strongest baseline for each metric.

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Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

Cite as:

arXiv:2610.41089 [cs.AI]

(or

arXiv:2610.41089v1 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.41089

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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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From: Chenhao Hong [ view email ]

[v1]

Fri, 30 Oct 2026 00:08:01 UTC (139 KB)

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