Correct Answers, Closed Gates: SolveBind for GUI Agents at the Verification Barrier

Authors: Xinhao Song , Haoxuan Peng , Su Su , Hongliang Wu , Sirui Song , Gongshen Liu , Linfeng Zhang , Dongrui Liu

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Abstract: Websites and applications deploy CAPTCHAs and anti-automation mechanisms that use behavioral signals such as interaction trajectories and timing, not outcomes alone, to distinguish humans from automated agents. We call these protected GUI environments, where correctly solving a verification task is insufficient for end-to-end task completion. Agents must turn solver outputs into accepted interactions and adapt execution to runtime feedback under time constraints. We introduce SolveBind, a GUI-agent framework combining hierarchical solving with runtime supervision. A hierarchical solving tree decomposes verification into interdependent Perceive, Ground, Solve, Act, and Verify capabilities. A runtime supervisor grounds action commitments in tool-derived evidence, revises them as evidence arrives, and mediates execution under explicit recovery budgets. Across nine CAPTCHA task families and nine backbone models, SolveBind achieves the highest success rate on eight backbones, outperforming the strongest baseline by 13.3-34.5 percentage points. It achieves the highest success rate on all six AndroidWorld backbones. In a paired GPT-5.5 analysis, MobileAgent produces correct answers but fails dynamic verification on 13 of 90 tasks; SolveBind succeeds on seven of these tasks. With automatic submission, removing binding reduces success from 82.22% to 71.56% and increases latency and token usage. Recovery caps reduce execution cost with a small observed success trade-off: removing them raises success from 82.22% to 83.56%, while increasing latency and token usage to 3.7x and 2.4x their full-supervision values, respectively. These results support evidence-grounded execution control while identifying a success-cost trade-off in recovery and failure boundaries of heuristic submission rules.

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41 pages, 16 figures

Subjects:

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

Cite as:

arXiv:2610.32223 [cs.AI]

(or

arXiv:2610.32223v1 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.32223

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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: Xinhao Song [ view email ]

[v1]

Fri, 23 Oct 2026 06:27:37 UTC (21,034 KB)

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