Does Every Instance Count Equally? Order Effects in LLM Multi-Instance Processing

Authors: Jingxuan Chen , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar , Jose Camacho-Collados

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Abstract: Users increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) to analyse collections of independent inputs, such as product reviews or social media posts, and return a single aggregated answer. This setting requires multi-instance processing (MIP), where a model combines information from multiple instances into one prediction. We study a task in which the model must infer a binary label for each instance, and identify the most frequent label among the full instance set. The correct answer should be invariant to instance order. By evaluating fifteen LLMs across five datasets and seven instance order patterns, with each instance set held fixed across patterns, we find substantial order sensitivity. Accuracy can differ by about 90 percentage points between the best and worst order patterns, with models generally more accurate when majority-label instances appear at the start than when they appear in the middle or at the end. For subsets of models, available reasoning traces and gradient-based attribution reveal uneven emphasis across positions. Traces disproportionately mention early instances, while attribution scores are generally higher near the beginning and end than in the middle. These results show that instance order can systematically bias aggregated predictions, highlighting the need to evaluate MIP across different input arrangements.

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Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

Cite as:

arXiv:2610.29057 [cs.AI]

(or

arXiv:2610.29057v1 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.29057

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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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From: Jingxuan Chen [ view email ]

[v1]

Wed, 21 Oct 2026 01:39:00 UTC (1,259 KB)

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